IV Therapy FDA Oversight: What's Actually Regulated

Last updated: April 2026

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Quick Answer

• State laws, not the FDA, primarily dictate who can open an IV therapy clinic and who can administer IVs; for example, in Alabama, anyone can own an IV therapy clinic, but licensed medical professionals must perform services.
• Arkansas requires IV therapy clinics to be owned by state-licensed doctors.
• The California Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians defines the scope of practice for Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs), including their competency for starting intravenous fluids.
• Recent regulatory changes in 2025 and 2026 have updated some of the boundaries for LVNs in California regarding their scope of practice.

The regulation of IV therapy, including who can own clinics and administer treatments, is primarily handled at the state level rather than by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This means rules vary significantly across the country. For instance, in Alabama, anyone can own an IV therapy clinic, but services must be performed by licensed medical professionals, according to IV Therapy Laws by State. In contrast, Arkansas mandates that IV therapy clinics be owned by state-licensed doctors. The specific activities and duties licensed professionals like Registered Nurses (RNs) and Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) can perform are defined by state nursing boards and regulations. For example, California's Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT) sets the scope of practice for LVNs, with recent updates in 2025 and 2026 outlining what tasks they are legally permitted to perform, including those related to IV therapy.

What is the Difference Between 503A and 503B Compounding Pharmacies?

Compounding pharmacies operate under specific federal designations, primarily categorized as either 503A or 503B, each subject to distinct regulatory requirements. These categories determine the scope of their operations and the level of oversight they receive. Understanding these differences is crucial for both prescribers and patients who rely on compounded medications.

A 503A compounding pharmacy typically compounds medications based on individual patient prescriptions. These pharmacies operate under state boards of pharmacy and are generally exempt from FDA new drug approval requirements and good manufacturing practices (GMP) regulations when they compound for specific patients. They often prepare customized medications when a commercially available drug does not meet a patient's unique needs, such as requiring a different dosage form or being free of certain allergens. Their focus is on patient-specific preparations, meaning they do not generally produce large batches of compounded drugs in anticipation of future prescriptions. Empower Pharmacy explains that a 503A compounding pharmacy focuses on patient-specific prescriptions, operating under state regulations rather than the broader federal oversight for manufacturing What Is a 503A Compounding Pharmacy?.

In contrast, a 503B outsourcing facility, as defined by the Drug Quality and Security Act (DQSA) of 2013, can produce larger batches of compounded sterile drugs without patient-specific prescriptions. These facilities are subject to more stringent federal oversight by the FDA, including good manufacturing practices (GMP) requirements. This allows them to supply hospitals and clinics with compounded medications that might be in short supply or need specific formulations. The purpose of 503B facilities is to provide a reliable source of high-quality compounded drugs, especially sterile ones, with a greater assurance of safety and efficacy due to the enhanced regulatory scrutiny. Olympia Pharmaceuticals, for example, functions as both a 503B Outsourcer and a 503A Compounding Pharmacy, demonstrating how some facilities can meet the requirements for both designations to serve a wider range of needs in the healthcare industry Olympia Pharmaceuticals. This dual capability allows them to provide patient-specific compounds while also supplying larger quantities of sterile preparations to healthcare facilities. The difference between 503A and 503B facilities hinges on whether they compound for individual patients based on a prescription or prepare larger batches for general use, with 503B facilities facing stricter FDA regulations akin to traditional pharmaceutical manufacturers, as discussed by Olympia Compounding Pharmacy Compounding 503A vs 503B.

Regulatory Frameworks

The regulatory frameworks for 503A and 503B pharmacies differ significantly. 503A pharmacies are primarily regulated by state boards of pharmacy, which oversee their compounding practices, licensing, and facility inspections. While the FDA has some oversight, it is generally limited to investigating complaints or issues related to patient safety. The focus is on ensuring that compounding is done safely and accurately for individual patients.

503B outsourcing facilities, however, are registered with the FDA and are subject to regular FDA inspections. These facilities must comply with current good manufacturing practices (CGMP), which are a set of regulations enforced by the FDA to ensure that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. This includes requirements for facility design, equipment, personnel training, production processes, and quality control. The rigorous oversight for 503B facilities aims to minimize risks associated with large-scale compounded sterile preparations, such as contamination or incorrect potency, which could affect numerous patients. The distinction is critical for understanding the safety and quality assurances in place for different types of compounded medications.

Who Can Open an IV Therapy Clinic?

The ability to open an IV therapy clinic is not uniformly regulated across the United States; instead, it is largely determined by individual state laws, creating a complex landscape of varying requirements. These state-specific regulations dictate who can hold ownership, ranging from medical professionals to, in some cases, non-medical individuals. This patchwork of laws means that what is permissible in one state may be strictly prohibited in another, making a thorough understanding of local statutes essential for anyone considering establishing an IV therapy clinic.

In many states, licensed medical professionals are the primary candidates for owning an IV therapy clinic. This often includes medical doctors (MDs), physician's assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), and registered nurses (RNs). These professionals possess the clinical background and licensure typically deemed necessary to oversee a healthcare facility. However, the exact requirements can still vary even among these licensed professionals; for instance, some states might require an RN to have a specific level of experience or additional certifications to be an owner. The variations underscore the importance of checking each state's specific rules.

Interestingly, some states permit non-medical professionals to own or co-own IV therapy clinics. The percentage of ownership allowed for non-medical individuals can differ greatly across state lines. This opens opportunities for entrepreneurs without a healthcare background to invest in or manage these facilities, provided they adhere to all state regulations, which typically include requirements for licensed medical supervision of all services. This model often involves a non-medical owner handling the business aspects while medical professionals manage patient care and clinical operations.

Let's look at some specific state examples to illustrate these differences:

• Alabama: In Alabama, the regulations are quite flexible regarding ownership. Anyone can own an IV therapy clinic. However, it is a strict requirement that all IV therapy services performed within the clinic must be administered by licensed medical professionals. This separation of ownership and service provision ensures that while business operations might be managed by non-medical individuals, patient care remains under the purview of qualified healthcare providers IV Therapy Laws by State.
• Alaska: Similar to Alabama, Alaska also allows anyone to own an IV therapy clinic. The state focuses its regulations more on who can administer the therapy rather than who can own the facility, providing a broad pathway for clinic establishment as long as clinical services are properly staffed.
• Arizona: Arizona follows a similar model where IV therapy clinics can be owned by anyone. The state's primary concern, like Alabama and Alaska, is ensuring that the actual medical procedures are conducted by appropriately licensed and supervised personnel.
• Arkansas: Arkansas presents a different regulatory approach. In this state, IV therapy clinics must be owned by state-licensed doctors. This requirement ensures that the ultimate responsibility and oversight for the clinic, both clinically and administratively, rest with a physician, reflecting a more restrictive ownership model compared to the other states mentioned IV Therapy Laws by State.

These examples highlight the varied regulatory landscape across the U.S. for IV therapy clinic ownership. Prospective clinic owners must thoroughly research and comply with their specific state's laws to ensure legal and ethical operation. The focus often remains on ensuring patient safety through the proper administration of services, regardless of the ownership structure.

Navigating State-Specific Ownership Laws

Navigating the diverse state-specific laws for IV therapy clinic ownership requires careful attention to detail. Each state's medical board, nursing board, or department of health may have specific statutes, administrative codes, or policies that dictate who is eligible to own or co-own such a facility. These regulations can encompass requirements for medical director oversight, minimum staffing levels, facility licensing, and the types of services that can be offered.

For states that permit non-medical ownership, there are often explicit rules regarding the percentage of ownership allowed and the required involvement of licensed medical professionals in the operational structure. This typically involves having a medical director who is a licensed physician and is responsible for the clinical protocols, patient safety, and supervision of the medical staff. The medical director's role is critical in ensuring that the clinic operates within legal and ethical medical standards, even if the primary owner does not have a medical background.

The dynamic nature of these regulations also means that prospective owners should stay informed about any legislative changes or updates to state codes. What is permissible today might change tomorrow, impacting business models and compliance requirements. Engaging with legal counsel experienced in healthcare law and consulting directly with state regulatory bodies can help ensure that an IV therapy clinic is established and operates in full compliance with all applicable laws. This proactive approach is vital for the long-term success and legal standing of any IV therapy business.

Who Can Administer IV Therapy?

The professionals authorized to administer IV therapy vary significantly from one state to another, reflecting the diverse regulatory approaches across the U.S. This critical aspect of IV therapy is governed by state nursing practice acts, medical practice acts, and specific board regulations, which outline the scope of practice for different healthcare providers. Depending on the state and the individual's credentials, some professionals may administer IV therapy independently, while others must operate under direct or indirect supervision.

The range of licensed healthcare professionals permitted to administer IV therapy is broad. In at least one U.S. state, physician's assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), and medical assistants can administer IV therapy, highlighting the varied delegation of these tasks IV Therapy Laws by State. However, this broad allowance is not universal, and most states have more specific requirements regarding the type of professional, their training, and the level of supervision needed. These variations are designed to ensure patient safety while also allowing for efficient healthcare delivery based on local needs and resources.

Let's examine specific state regulations concerning who can administer IV therapy:

• Alabama: In Alabama, the process for administering IV therapy involves a crucial initial step. A physician, physician's assistant, nurse practitioner, or certified nurse-midwife must first examine a patient before any IV treatment begins. After this initial assessment, a licensed medical professional can then administer the IV therapy. This two-step process ensures a qualified assessment precedes the physical administration of the treatment.
• Alaska: Alaska maintains a more restrictive stance. Only licensed medical professionals are permitted to administer IV therapy to patients. This explicitly excludes medical assistants and any unlicensed professionals from performing this treatment, emphasizing the state's requirement for a higher level of professional qualification for IV administration.
• Arizona: Arizona allows licensed medical professionals to administer IV therapy. This includes medical assistants, but with a significant condition: medical assistants must operate under physician supervision when administering IV therapy. This indicates that while medical assistants can perform the task, they cannot do so independently and require direct oversight from a physician.
• Arkansas: Arkansas has a broader allowance for administration. In this state, any licensed medical professional, including a medical assistant, can administer IV therapy to patients. This suggests a more inclusive approach to delegation, allowing a wider range of trained professionals to perform the procedure IV Therapy Laws by State.

These examples illustrate the wide spectrum of state regulations, underscoring the necessity for clinics and individual practitioners to be fully aware of and compliant with the specific laws in their operating jurisdiction. The level of supervision, the required initial patient assessment, and the types of professionals allowed to perform IV therapy are all critical factors that vary by state.

Supervision and Competency Requirements

Beyond simply identifying who can administer IV therapy, states also often define the conditions under which it can be performed, particularly regarding supervision and demonstrated competency. For many licensed professionals, such as Registered Nurses (RNs) and Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs), their scope of practice includes IV therapy, but often with specific training and competency validation requirements.

Supervision can range from direct, meaning a supervising professional must be physically present and immediately available, to indirect, where the supervisor is available by phone or within the facility but not necessarily in the same room. The level of supervision often depends on the complexity of the IV therapy, the patient's condition, and the credentials and experience of the administering professional. For example, a newly licensed nurse might require more direct supervision than an experienced one.

States also mandate specific education and training for professionals to be deemed competent in IV therapy. This can involve completing board-approved courses, passing competency exams, or demonstrating proficiency through supervised clinical hours. For instance, in California, the Board considers a licensed vocational nurse competent to start and superimpose intravenous fluids via primary or secondary infusion lines if they have completed a Board-approved course in intravenous therapy, as defined in Section 2542.3 of the California Code of Regulations, Title 16, Section 2542.1 California Code of Regulations for IV Therapy. This emphasizes that even within a professional group, specific training and approval are necessary for certain advanced procedures like IV administration. These stringent requirements aim to ensure that all individuals performing IV therapy possess the necessary knowledge and skills to do so safely and effectively, minimizing risks to patients.

What is the Scope of Practice for Nurses in IV Therapy?

The scope of practice for nurses, particularly concerning IV therapy, is a dynamic and evolving area, shaped by state legislation and regulatory boards. Nursing is recognized as a continually evolving field that incorporates increasingly sophisticated patient care activities, reflecting its growth and adaptation to new medical advancements and patient needs. This evolution includes the expansion of responsibilities in areas like intravenous therapy, requiring clear definitions of what nurses are legally permitted to perform.

In California, the practice of nursing is comprehensively outlined in the Nursing Practice Act, specifically Business and Professions Code Section 2725. This act provides a broad, all-inclusive definition, stating that nursing encompasses functions, including basic health care, that help individuals cope with daily living difficulties related to their actual or potential health or illness problems, or their treatment. These functions require a substantial amount of scientific knowledge or technical skill, underscoring the professional nature of nursing practice. The California Board of Registered Nursing (BRN) emphasizes that nursing includes direct and indirect patient care services that ensure patient safety, comfort, personal hygiene, and protection, along with performing disease prevention and restorative measures. Indirect services also involve the delegation and supervision of patient care activities carried out by subordinates An Explanation of the Scope of RN Practice Including Standardized Procedures. This broad definition allows for the inclusion of advanced procedures like IV therapy within the RN's scope, provided they have the necessary training and competency.

For Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in California, their specific scope of practice is defined by the California Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT) through the Vocational Nursing Practice Act and California Code of Regulations, Title 16. This framework clearly delineates the specific activities and duties that LVNs are legally permitted to perform, distinguishing between tasks they can do independently, those requiring supervision, and those entirely outside their authority. Staying within this defined scope is crucial for protecting both the LVN's license and the safety of their patients. Recent regulatory changes in 2025 and 2026 have updated some of these boundaries for LVNs in California, indicating an ongoing process of refinement to align their practice with current healthcare needs and safety standards California LVN Scope of Practice. These updates ensure that LVN practice remains relevant and safe in a changing healthcare environment.

Core LVN Duties and IV Therapy

While the general scope of practice for RNs is broad, specific duties for LVNs are more precisely outlined. Core LVN duties in California include essential patient care and assessment tasks such as measuring and documenting vital signs, which encompass blood pressure, pulse, temperature, and respirations California LVN Scope of Practice. These foundational skills are critical for patient monitoring and are often prerequisites for more advanced tasks like IV therapy. The ability to accurately assess a patient's condition is paramount before initiating or managing an intravenous line.

Regarding IV therapy specifically, the California Board considers a licensed vocational nurse competent to start and superimpose intravenous fluids via primary or secondary infusion lines under certain conditions. This competency is achieved by completing a course in intravenous therapy that is approved by the Board, as defined in Section 2542.3 of the California Code of Regulations, Title 16, Section 2542.1 California Code of Regulations for IV Therapy. This means that while IV therapy is within an LVN's potential scope, it is not an inherent skill acquired solely through basic licensure; it requires specific, additional training and Board approval. This structured approach ensures that LVNs performing IV therapy possess specialized knowledge and skills, contributing to patient safety and quality of care.

The legislative intent behind defining nursing scopes of practice acknowledges the dynamic nature of the field. "The Legislature recognized that nursing is a dynamic field, continually evolving to include more sophisticated patient care activities. It declared its intent to recognize the existence of overlapping functions," according to the California Board of Registered Nursing's NPR-B-03 06/1995 document An Explanation of the Scope of RN Practice Including Standardized Procedures. This statement highlights that nursing roles are not static and are expected to expand, including areas like IV therapy, as healthcare practices advance. This ongoing evolution necessitates regular reviews and updates to scopes of practice, like the recent changes affecting LVNs in California, to ensure they remain relevant and safely implemented.

How Do California Regulations Define IV Therapy Competency for LVNs?

California regulations provide clear guidelines for Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) to achieve and demonstrate competency in performing intravenous (IV) therapy. These specific rules are designed to ensure patient safety and maintain high standards of care when LVNs are involved in administering IV fluids. The Board in California, specifically the Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT), is responsible for setting these standards and approving the necessary training.

According to the California Code of Regulations, Title 16, Section 2542.1, the Board will consider a licensed vocational nurse as competent to start and superimpose intravenous fluids via primary or secondary infusion lines. This critical authorization is not automatically granted upon licensure but is contingent upon the LVN completing specific, approved training. The regulation specifies that this competency is achieved by completing one of the following: a course in intravenous therapy approved by the Board, as defined in Section 2542.3 of the same code California Code of Regulations for IV Therapy. This precise definition ensures that LVNs undertaking IV therapy have received specialized education that meets the state's rigorous standards.

The requirement for a Board-approved course means that the curriculum, instructors, and clinical components of the training program must meet specific criteria set by the BVNPT. This is not just any IV therapy course; it must be one that the state's regulatory body has officially sanctioned. This ensures that LVNs are taught the correct procedures, safety protocols, and theoretical knowledge necessary for safe and effective IV fluid administration. The focus on "primary or secondary infusion lines" indicates that the training prepares LVNs for common IV fluid administration scenarios, which are fundamental to many healthcare settings, including wellness clinics.

Importance of Approved Training

The emphasis on Board-approved training for LVNs in IV therapy is paramount for several reasons. First, it standardizes the level of knowledge and skill across all LVNs performing this task in California. This standardization helps to ensure that regardless of where an LVN received their training, they have met a consistent benchmark of competency. Such consistency is vital for patient safety, as improper IV administration can lead to serious complications, including infection, infiltration, or medication errors.

Second, requiring an approved course provides a clear legal framework for the LVN's scope of practice. An LVN who has completed the mandated training can confidently perform IV therapy within the defined parameters, knowing they are operating legally and ethically. Conversely, an LVN attempting to perform IV therapy without this specific Board-approved training would be acting outside their legal scope of practice, which could have severe professional and legal consequences. The California Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT) defines the specific activities and duties that a licensed professional is legally permitted to perform, and staying within this scope protects both the LVN's license and their patients California LVN Scope of Practice.

Third, this regulatory approach aligns with the understanding that nursing is a dynamic field. While basic LVN education provides a strong foundation, specialized procedures like IV therapy often require additional, focused training to keep pace with evolving patient care activities and technologies. The state's quarterly updates to regulations, as noted in the source material, reflect this ongoing need to adapt and refine the legal boundaries of practice to ensure continued safety and effectiveness in healthcare delivery. These updates ensure that the scope of practice remains relevant and responsive to advancements in medical science and nursing practice.

What IV Therapy Products Are Available from Compounding Pharmacies?

Compounding pharmacies play a significant role in providing specialized injectable products for IV therapy, particularly when commercially manufactured drugs are unavailable or do not meet specific patient needs. These pharmacies, which include both 503A and 503B facilities, formulate custom medications based on practitioner prescriptions, offering a range of products that cater to various health and wellness goals. Their ability to customize dosages, remove allergens, or combine multiple ingredients into a single preparation makes them a valuable resource for IV therapy clinics.

Olympia Pharmaceuticals, for example, highlights its offerings of injectable products, demonstrating the types of compounds available from such facilities. Their medication directory includes specific injectable formulations designed for different therapeutic areas. Two examples of such products are Alpha Lipoic Acid Injection and LipoStat-Plus-SF Injection. Alpha Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant that is sometimes used in IV therapy for its potential benefits in nerve health and blood sugar regulation, while LipoStat-Plus-SF Injection likely refers to a lipotropic injection, often used in weight management programs to aid in fat metabolism Olympia Pharmaceuticals. These examples illustrate how compounding pharmacies create tailored solutions that might not be readily available from traditional drug manufacturers.

These compounded IV therapy products are often explored by industry or therapeutic category, reflecting their targeted applications. Common categories include:

• Weight Management: Formulations designed to support metabolism, fat burning, and energy levels. These might include combinations of vitamins, amino acids, and lipotropic agents.
• Dermatology: Products aimed at skin health, such as antioxidants, collagen boosters, or compounds to address specific skin conditions.
• Erectile Dysfunction: While less common for IV therapy, compounding pharmacies also prepare injectables for other conditions, showing their broad capability.
• Immunity: IV drips focused on boosting the immune system, often containing high doses of vitamins like Vitamin C, zinc, and other immune-supportive nutrients Olympia Pharmaceuticals.

The availability of these specialized products from compounding pharmacies allows IV therapy clinics to offer a diverse menu of wellness drips and therapeutic infusions tailored to individual patient needs and health objectives. This customization is a key advantage of utilizing compounding pharmacies, as it provides flexibility beyond the standard pharmaceutical offerings.

Quality and Sourcing of Compounded Products

The quality and sourcing of ingredients for compounded IV therapy products are critical considerations. Compounding pharmacies, especially 503B outsourcing facilities, adhere to strict guidelines to ensure the safety and efficacy of their preparations. As previously discussed, 503B facilities are subject to FDA oversight and must comply with current good manufacturing practices (CGMP), which are rigorous standards for manufacturing processes and quality control. This includes testing of raw materials, in-process testing, and testing of the final compounded product to ensure purity, potency, and sterility.

For 503A compounding pharmacies, while primarily regulated by state boards of pharmacy, they still operate under professional standards that require careful sourcing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from reputable suppliers. They must ensure that the ingredients used are of appropriate quality and that the compounding process is performed in a controlled environment to prevent contamination and ensure accurate dosing. The distinction between 503A and 503B is significant because it dictates the level of federal scrutiny and the scale of production, with 503B facilities offering a higher degree of manufacturing oversight for larger batches.

When considering compounded IV therapy products, it is essential for prescribers and clinics to partner with reputable compounding pharmacies that demonstrate a commitment to quality and compliance. Pharmacies like Olympia Pharmaceuticals, which operate as both 503A and 503B facilities, often provide a higher level of assurance due to their adherence to more stringent regulations for their 503B operations. This commitment to quality ensures that the injectable products used in IV therapy are safe, effective, and meet the high standards required for direct patient administration. The availability of a medication directory, as provided by Olympia Pharmaceuticals, allows healthcare providers to review the specific products and their intended uses, facilitating informed decisions about patient care.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does the FDA regulate IV therapy clinics?

The FDA primarily regulates the manufacturing of drugs and medical devices, not the day-to-day operations or ownership of IV therapy clinics. Regulation of who can open an IV therapy clinic and who can administer IVs falls under state jurisdiction. For example, in Alabama, anyone can own an IV therapy clinic, but licensed medical professionals must perform the services, as outlined by state laws.

Can a non-medical professional own an IV therapy clinic?

Yes, in some states, a non-medical professional can be an owner or co-owner of an IV therapy clinic. However, the percentage they are allowed to own varies, and licensed medical professionals must always perform the services. For instance, in Arizona, anyone can own an IV therapy clinic, but only licensed medical professionals can administer the IV therapy, sometimes requiring physician supervision for medical assistants.

What is the difference between an RN and an LVN regarding IV therapy?

The scope of practice for Registered Nurses (RNs) and Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in IV therapy differs, particularly by state. In California, RNs have a broader scope defined by the Nursing Practice Act, Business and Professions Code Section 2725. For LVNs in California, specific competency to start and superimpose intravenous fluids requires completing a Board-approved course in intravenous therapy, as defined in Section 2542.3 of the California Code of Regulations, Title 16, Section 2542.1.

Are medical assistants allowed to administer IV therapy?

Whether medical assistants can administer IV therapy depends on state regulations. In at least one U.S. state, medical assistants are listed as healthcare professionals who can administer IV therapy. However, in states like Arizona, medical assistants can administer IV therapy only under physician supervision, while in Alaska, medical assistants and unlicensed professionals are explicitly not allowed to administer treatment.

What specific regulations govern IV therapy in California?

In California, IV therapy regulations are defined by various state bodies. The California Board of Registered Nursing (BRN) outlines the scope of practice for RNs in the Nursing Practice Act, Business and Professions Code Section 2725. For Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs), the California Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT) defines their scope of practice through the Vocational Nursing Practice Act and California Code of Regulations, Title 16, including specific requirements for IV therapy competency, with recent updates in 2025 and 2026.

Sources

1. https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/california/16-CCR-2542.1
2. https://www.nextech.com/blog/iv-therapy-laws-by-state
3. https://www.rn.ca.gov/pdfs/regulations/npr-b-03.pdf
4. https://nccusa.edu/blog/lvn-scope-of-practice-california/
5. https://www.olympiapharmacy.com/
6. https://www.empowerpharmacy.com/compound-medication/news/what-is-503a-compounding/
7. https://newdrugloft.com/prescribers/503a-503b-compounding-pharmacies/
8. https://www.olympiapharmacy.com/blog/compounding-503a-vs-503b/

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— The IV Therapy Finder Team