IV Therapy Side Effects and Risks: What You Need to Know [2026]

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. IV therapy should always be administered by licensed healthcare professionals. Consult your physician before beginning any IV treatment, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or take medications.

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IV therapy has gone from a hospital-only intervention to a $2.8 billion wellness industry. Drip bars are in strip malls. Mobile nurses come to your hotel room. Celebrities post IV selfies. But somewhere in the hype, an important conversation got lost: what can actually go wrong?

This isn't a scare piece. IV therapy, when done properly, has a strong safety profile. But "when done properly" is doing a lot of heavy lifting in that sentence. The difference between a safe infusion and a risky one comes down to who's administering it, where it's happening, and whether anyone bothered to check if you actually need it.

If you're considering IV therapy for the first time, check out our IV Therapy for Beginners guide alongside this article. And if you've already heard the pitch but want to separate real science from marketing, our IV Therapy Myths [2026] breakdown covers the most common claims.

Here's what the research actually says about side effects and risks.

Common Side Effects: What Most People Experience

Let's start with what's normal. Most IV therapy side effects are minor and resolve on their own. That doesn't mean you should ignore them — but it does mean you shouldn't panic if you experience one or more of the following after a session.

Bruising and Soreness at the Injection Site

This is the most frequent side effect, and it's not unique to wellness IV therapy — it happens with any needle insertion. The vein gets punctured, blood leaks into surrounding tissue, and you get a bruise. Soreness around the catheter site can last 1-3 days.

According to clinical data from the Infusion Nurses Society (INS), minor bruising occurs in approximately 15-20% of all peripheral IV insertions. The risk goes up if:

You're dehydrated (ironic, since hydration is often why you're there)
The practitioner has difficulty finding a vein
The catheter is placed in a smaller or more fragile vein
You take blood thinners or aspirin regularly
You have naturally thin or fragile skin

What to watch for: A small bruise is normal. A bruise that spreads significantly, becomes hot to the touch, or doesn't improve after a week warrants a call to your provider. These could indicate a hematoma — a larger collection of blood outside the vein that may need evaluation.

Dizziness and Lightheadedness

Feeling a little woozy during or right after an infusion is more common than most clinics advertise. It happens for several reasons: your blood pressure may drop slightly as fluid volume shifts, certain vitamins (particularly magnesium) can cause vasodilation, or you may simply have a vasovagal response to the needle itself.

About 5-10% of IV therapy patients report some degree of lightheadedness during treatment. It's usually mild and passes within 15-30 minutes. Quality clinics like Hydrate IV Bar monitor patients throughout the infusion and keep you seated or reclined for several minutes after the drip finishes — a simple step that prevents most dizziness-related incidents.

Coldness and Discomfort During Infusion

IV fluids are often stored at room temperature, which is significantly cooler than your body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. When a liter of room-temperature saline flows directly into your bloodstream, you feel it. Patients commonly report a cold sensation running up the arm, and some experience mild chills throughout the body.

This isn't dangerous, but it is uncomfortable. Some premium clinics use fluid warmers to bring the solution closer to body temperature before infusion. If you tend to run cold or you're getting a high-volume drip (500ml-1000ml), ask your provider about warming the fluids.

Mild Nausea

Certain IV ingredients can cause temporary stomach upset. High-dose B vitamins, zinc, and magnesium are the most common culprits. The nausea typically passes within 30-60 minutes and can often be reduced by slowing the drip rate.

NAD+ infusions are particularly notorious for nausea — roughly 20-30% of patients report some degree of GI discomfort during NAD+ drips, which is one reason these infusions are administered slowly over 2-4 hours rather than in a quick 30-minute session.

Metallic Taste

A metallic or unusual taste in the mouth during an infusion is surprisingly common, especially with drips containing glutathione, high-dose vitamin C, or mineral blends. It's harmless and fades shortly after the infusion ends. Some patients describe it as a garlic-like taste rather than metallic. Either way, it's a known quirk of certain IV formulations, not a sign that something is wrong.

Serious Risks: Rare but Real Complications

The minor side effects above are annoyances. The complications in this section are genuinely dangerous — and while they're uncommon in professional settings, they do happen. Understanding them helps you ask the right questions before you sit in that recliner.

Infection

Any time a needle breaks the skin, there's a risk of introducing bacteria into the bloodstream. In hospital settings, catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) occur at a rate of approximately 0.5-2.0 per 1,000 catheter days, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The risk for a single short-term wellness IV is much lower than for prolonged hospital catheterization, but it's not zero.

The most dangerous infection scenario involves contaminated compounding. In 2012, a fungal meningitis outbreak linked to a compounding pharmacy killed 76 people and sickened over 750 — a stark reminder of what happens when sterility protocols fail. While this involved spinal injections, not peripheral IVs, it illustrates the consequences of poor compounding practices.

Signs of infection to watch for in the 48-72 hours after an IV:

Redness, warmth, or swelling at the insertion site that gets worse over time
Fever above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
Red streaking along the vein (a sign of phlebitis or spreading infection)
Pus or drainage from the catheter site

If you experience any of these, seek medical attention immediately. Don't wait to see if it gets better on its own.

Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis

Phlebitis is inflammation of the vein, and thrombophlebitis adds a blood clot to the mix. It's one of the more common IV complications in clinical settings, with some studies reporting incidence rates of 20-70% for peripheral IVs left in place for extended periods. For a single short-duration wellness infusion, the risk is much lower — but certain factors increase it.

High-osmolality solutions (concentrated vitamin blends), acidic or alkaline pH formulations, and fast infusion rates all irritate the vein lining. If you notice a hard, rope-like cord along a vein after treatment, or if the vein becomes red, swollen, and tender, you may have superficial phlebitis. It's usually self-limiting and resolves in 1-2 weeks, but severe cases require medical evaluation.

Clinics like Nourish Medical Center reduce phlebitis risk by using properly diluted formulations, appropriate catheter sizes, and evidence-based infusion rates — details that matter more than most patients realize.

Air Embolism

This is the one people fear most, and for good reason — a large air embolism can be fatal. The good news: it's extremely rare. Studies estimate the incidence at less than 0.1% of all IV procedures, and most air embolisms involve small volumes of air that the body absorbs without incident.

The dangerous threshold is generally considered to be 3-5 mL per kilogram of body weight entering the venous system rapidly. For a 150-pound adult, that's roughly 200-340 mL of air — far more than the tiny bubble you might see in IV tubing. A few small bubbles in the line are cosmetically concerning but not clinically dangerous.

That said, proper technique eliminates even this minimal risk. The IV line should be primed (flushed with fluid to remove air) before insertion, and the bag should never be allowed to run completely dry. Competent practitioners manage this without thinking about it. If your practitioner doesn't prime the line, that's a red flag worth mentioning.

Fluid Overload

Your body can only process so much fluid at once. For a healthy adult, a standard 500mL-1000mL IV drip is well within what the kidneys can handle. But for patients with congestive heart failure, kidney disease, or certain other conditions, even a standard volume can tip the balance toward fluid overload — a condition called hypervolemia.

Symptoms include shortness of breath, rapid weight gain, swelling in the legs or feet, and elevated blood pressure. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), fluid overload contributes to longer hospital stays and worse outcomes in clinical settings.

This is one reason pre-treatment screening matters so much. A patient with undiagnosed heart failure who walks into a drip bar for a "hydration boost" is at real risk. Reputable clinics screen for cardiac and renal conditions before administering any infusion.

Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis

Allergic reactions to IV therapy ingredients affect approximately 10% of patients, according to clinical safety data — though the vast majority of these are mild reactions like flushing, itching, or minor rash. True anaphylaxis is extremely rare with standard vitamin and mineral infusions.

The highest-risk ingredients for allergic reactions include:

Preservatives and additives in compounded solutions
High-dose thiamine (vitamin B1)
Certain amino acid blends
Dyes or flavorings added to proprietary formulations

Any clinic administering IV therapy should have epinephrine, diphenhydramine, and emergency airway equipment immediately available. If yours doesn't, leave. This isn't optional — it's basic medical safety.

Ingredient-Specific Risks: What's Actually in Your Drip

Not all IV drips carry the same risk profile. The specific ingredients in your infusion matter as much as the technique used to administer it. Here's what the research says about the most popular IV therapy ingredients and their unique risk considerations.

High-Dose Vitamin C

Intravenous vitamin C is one of the most popular wellness infusions, with doses typically ranging from 5,000mg to 25,000mg — far exceeding the 90mg recommended daily allowance. At these doses, vitamin C is no longer just a vitamin; it acts as a pro-oxidant and can affect multiple organ systems.

The most significant risk is kidney damage. High-dose IV vitamin C increases urinary oxalate, which can crystallize in the kidneys and cause oxalate nephropathy. The Merck Manual notes that patients with a history of kidney stones or renal impairment should avoid high-dose IV vitamin C entirely. There have been documented cases of acute renal failure following high-dose vitamin C infusions, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions.

Additionally, patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency — a genetic condition affecting about 400 million people worldwide — can develop hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells) from high-dose vitamin C. A G6PD test should be performed before any high-dose vitamin C infusion. If your clinic doesn't mention this test, ask about it.

NAD+ Infusions

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) infusions have surged in popularity for anti-aging, energy, and cognitive benefits. They're also among the most uncomfortable IV treatments available. Infusion-related side effects include nausea, chest tightness, muscle cramping, headache, and abdominal discomfort — reported by an estimated 20-30% of patients.

These side effects are dose-dependent and rate-dependent. Clinics that push NAD+ too quickly see higher complication rates. Standard protocols call for 250-500mg infused over 2-4 hours. "Express" NAD+ drips that promise the same dose in 45 minutes are cutting corners on safety.

Long-term safety data for repeated NAD+ infusions in healthy adults is limited. Most of the existing research involves clinical populations (addiction treatment, neurodegenerative disease) and doesn't translate directly to wellness applications.

Glutathione

Known as the "master antioxidant," glutathione is generally well-tolerated intravenously. The primary side effects are mild: temporary flushing, metallic taste, and occasional cramping. However, some formulations include preservatives like benzyl alcohol that can cause local reactions.

One concern specific to glutathione is its popular use for skin lightening. Long-term, high-dose glutathione IV therapy for cosmetic skin lightening has not been evaluated for safety, and the FDA has issued warnings about injectable glutathione products marketed for this purpose. The Thai FDA and Philippines FDA have also issued advisories. If skin lightening is the primary goal, patients should understand that this is an off-label, unproven use with unknown long-term consequences.

Magnesium

IV magnesium is a key component of the Myers' Cocktail and many custom drip formulations. At therapeutic doses, it can cause a warm, flushed sensation — often described as "feeling like a warm wave" — which is normal and expected.

The real risk with magnesium comes from dosing errors or rapid infusion in patients with renal impairment. Hypermagnesemia (too much magnesium in the blood) can cause dangerous drops in blood pressure, respiratory depression, and in extreme cases, cardiac arrest. The therapeutic window for IV magnesium is well-established in medicine, and competent practitioners stay well within safe ranges.

Symptoms of too-rapid magnesium infusion include extreme drowsiness, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and a sensation of heaviness. If you experience any of these during a drip, tell your practitioner immediately.

Who Should Avoid IV Therapy: Contraindications and Risk Factors

IV therapy isn't for everyone. Certain medical conditions, medications, and physiological states make intravenous infusions significantly riskier. A thorough pre-treatment evaluation should screen for all of the following — and if your clinic doesn't ask about them, that's a problem.

Cardiac Conditions

Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), severe hypertension, or other conditions that compromise the heart's ability to manage fluid volume should approach IV therapy with extreme caution. Even a standard 500mL saline drip can push a CHF patient into pulmonary edema — fluid accumulation in the lungs that causes severe shortness of breath and can be life-threatening.

Some IV ingredients also pose direct cardiac risks. Potassium, when infused too quickly or in excessive doses, can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Magnesium at high doses can dangerously lower heart rate and blood pressure. Any patient with a cardiac history should only receive IV therapy under direct physician supervision with cardiac monitoring.

Kidney Disease

Your kidneys are the filtration system that processes everything your IV drip delivers. When kidney function is impaired, electrolytes and minerals that would normally be excreted can accumulate to dangerous levels. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are particularly dangerous in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

As noted in the vitamin C section, high-dose vitamin C is particularly risky for kidney patients due to oxalate accumulation. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 or higher should generally avoid elective IV vitamin therapy unless specifically prescribed by a nephrologist.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

The safety of elective IV vitamin therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been adequately studied. While standard-dose hydration is used medically during pregnancy (for hyperemesis gravidarum, for example), high-dose vitamin cocktails are a different matter. Many IV therapy ingredients cross the placenta, and their effects on fetal development at supraphysiological doses are unknown.

The Mayo Clinic specifically notes that IV vitamin therapy safety has not been established for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Until more data exists, pregnant and breastfeeding patients should limit IV therapy to medically indicated treatments prescribed by their OB-GYN.

Medication Interactions

Several common medications interact with IV therapy ingredients:

Blood thinners (warfarin, heparin): High-dose vitamin C can alter warfarin metabolism; vitamin K in some drips can directly counteract anticoagulant effects
ACE inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics: Combined with IV potassium, can cause dangerous hyperkalemia
Lithium: IV fluid changes can alter lithium levels rapidly, causing toxicity or sub-therapeutic dosing
Chemotherapy: Some oncologists use high-dose vitamin C as adjunctive therapy, but it can interfere with certain chemo agents — this should only be done under oncologist supervision
Diabetes medications: Large-dose vitamin C can interfere with glucose monitoring devices, giving falsely elevated readings

Always disclose your complete medication list before any IV treatment. "Complete" means everything — prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, supplements, and herbs.

G6PD Deficiency

As mentioned earlier, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency affects approximately 400 million people globally, with higher prevalence in populations of African, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent. High-dose IV vitamin C can trigger acute hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patients — a medical emergency.

Responsible clinics test for G6PD before administering high-dose vitamin C. It's a simple blood test. If your clinic has never mentioned it, ask specifically.

How to Minimize Risks: Choosing a Safe Provider

The single biggest variable in IV therapy safety isn't the ingredients — it's the provider. A well-run clinic with proper protocols, trained staff, and appropriate screening reduces your risk to a fraction of what you'd face at a pop-up drip event or an unvetted mobile service.

Here's what to look for, and what to run from.

Verify Medical Oversight

Every IV therapy clinic should operate under a licensed medical director — a physician (MD or DO) who is responsible for treatment protocols, staff supervision, and quality control. In most states, this is a legal requirement. Ask who the medical director is. Check that they're actually licensed in your state.

This isn't a formality. The medical director determines what formulations the clinic uses, what concentrations are safe, what screening procedures are in place, and what emergency protocols exist. A clinic without genuine medical oversight is operating blind.

Clinics like ReviveDoc operate with physician-led models where doctors are actively involved in patient care, not just lending their name to a business license. There's a meaningful difference.

Evaluate Pre-Treatment Screening

A safe provider asks questions before sticking you with a needle. At minimum, expect:

Medical history questionnaire (cardiac, renal, liver conditions)
Current medication review
Allergy assessment
Relevant blood work (for high-dose protocols, G6PD testing)
Informed consent documentation

If a clinic lets you walk in, pick a drip off a menu, and start infusing within 10 minutes with no questions asked, that's a convenience play, not a medical service. Walk out.

Check Ingredient Sourcing

The vitamins and minerals in your IV drip have to come from somewhere. Quality clinics source their ingredients from FDA-registered 503B outsourcing facilities or USP-verified compounding pharmacies. These facilities follow current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards and undergo regular inspections.

Ask where your drip ingredients come from. If the answer is vague, or if the clinic compounds its own solutions in-house without proper pharmacy licensure, that's a significant red flag. The difference between pharmaceutical-grade and gray-market ingredients can be the difference between a safe infusion and a contamination event.

Know the Staff Credentials

IV insertion and monitoring should be performed by licensed healthcare professionals — registered nurses (RNs), paramedics, or physicians. Some states allow licensed practical nurses (LPNs) or medical assistants to administer IVs under direct supervision. Unlicensed personnel should never be inserting IV catheters or managing infusions.

Ask about staff credentials. A competent nurse will not be offended by the question. And pay attention to technique: are they wearing gloves? Did they clean the site with antiseptic? Is the equipment sealed in sterile packaging until the moment of use? These basics matter.

Emergency Preparedness

Any facility administering IV therapy must have emergency equipment immediately available. The minimum standard includes:

Epinephrine for anaphylaxis
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for allergic reactions
Supplemental oxygen
Blood pressure monitoring equipment
An emergency action plan and staff trained in BLS (Basic Life Support)

Don't be shy about asking. "Do you have emergency medication on site?" is a perfectly reasonable question, and any legitimate medical provider will answer it readily.

The Regulatory Landscape: Why Oversight Matters

One of the least-discussed risks of IV therapy has nothing to do with needles or vitamins. It's the regulatory gap that allows the industry to operate with far less oversight than most patients assume.

FDA Regulation (or Lack Thereof)

The FDA regulates IV medications used in hospitals — drugs with specific therapeutic claims that go through the approval process. But elective wellness IV therapy occupies a gray zone. The vitamins and minerals used are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) individually, but their combination, concentration, and intravenous delivery route are not FDA-approved for most wellness applications.

This means no one is reviewing the specific formulations offered at your local drip bar for safety or efficacy. The "Super Immunity Blast" or "Beauty Drip" on the menu hasn't been tested as a complete product. Each ingredient may be individually safe, but the combination at those doses delivered intravenously hasn't been through any approval process.

State-Level Regulation

Regulation of IV therapy clinics varies dramatically by state. Some states require clinics to obtain a specific medical facility license. Others classify them under general medical practice oversight. A few have minimal requirements beyond basic business licensing.

California, Florida, Texas, and Arizona — states with high concentrations of IV therapy clinics — have taken different approaches. Florida requires clinics to register as health care clinics and maintain medical director relationships. Arizona has more permissive regulations for mobile IV services. California requires IV therapy to be performed under physician oversight but doesn't require a clinic-specific license in all cases.

The practical impact: the same service that requires a physician on-site in one state may be legally administered by a nurse with remote physician oversight in another. When you're choosing a provider, understand what your state requires — and look for clinics that exceed the minimum.

Compounding Pharmacy Standards

The quality of IV therapy ingredients depends heavily on the compounding pharmacy that produces them. There are two tiers:

503B outsourcing facilities: These are FDA-registered, inspected facilities that produce compounded drugs in bulk without individual patient prescriptions. They follow cGMP standards, undergo regular FDA inspections, and are the gold standard for IV therapy ingredient sourcing.

503A compounding pharmacies: These are state-regulated pharmacies that compound medications based on individual prescriptions. Quality varies more widely, and federal oversight is lighter.

After the 2012 New England Compounding Center disaster (mentioned earlier), Congress passed the Drug Quality and Security Act (DQSA) to strengthen oversight of compounding pharmacies. But enforcement remains inconsistent, and patients rarely know which type of facility produced their IV ingredients.

As covered in our IV Therapy Complete Guide [2026], the market is projected to reach $5.66 billion by 2033. That kind of growth attracts both legitimate medical providers and operators looking to cash in. The regulatory framework hasn't kept pace.

Real-World Safety Data: What the Numbers Show

Let's look at what we actually know from published research and clinical reporting. The evidence base for elective IV therapy safety is thinner than you might expect — most IV safety research comes from hospital settings, not wellness clinics — but there are useful data points.

Complication Rates in Clinical Settings

According to a comprehensive clinical guide published by ivWatch in January 2026, IV infiltration — where fluid leaks out of the vein into surrounding tissue — is one of the most common complications across all IV therapy settings. However, 86.3% of reported IV infiltrations resulted in no lasting complications, and none produced long-term functional harm.

The CDC reports that peripheral IV-related bloodstream infections occur at a rate of approximately 0.5 per 1,000 catheter days in properly managed clinical environments. For a single short-duration wellness infusion, this translates to a very low absolute risk — but it's not zero, and the rate increases with poor technique or inadequate sterilization.

Reports of Serious Adverse Events

While large-scale safety studies specific to elective IV vitamin therapy are lacking, case reports in medical literature document several categories of serious adverse events:

Kidney injury: Multiple case reports of acute oxalate nephropathy following high-dose IV vitamin C, particularly in patients with undiagnosed renal impairment
Sepsis: Cases of bloodstream infection linked to contaminated compounded IV solutions or poor sterile technique
Electrolyte imbalances: Symptomatic hypo- or hyperkalemia from improperly formulated drips
Cardiac events: Rare reports of arrhythmia related to rapid potassium or magnesium infusion

These are case reports, not epidemiological studies, so they can't tell us overall complication rates for the wellness IV industry. But they illustrate the types of failures that occur.

The Knowledge Gap

Perhaps the most important thing the data tells us is how much we don't know. There is no mandatory adverse event reporting system for elective IV therapy clinics in most states. When something goes wrong at a drip bar, it may be treated at an ER but never connected back to the IV therapy in any systematic database.

The Mayo Clinic has been particularly direct about this gap, noting that there are no scientific studies supporting the claimed benefits of IV vitamin therapy for healthy individuals, and that the risk-benefit calculus for elective use remains uncertain. That doesn't mean IV therapy is dangerous — it means the industry is growing faster than the evidence base.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the most common side effects of IV therapy?

The most common side effects are bruising and soreness at the injection site (affecting 15-20% of patients), mild dizziness or lightheadedness (5-10%), coldness during infusion, metallic taste in the mouth, and temporary nausea. These are typically mild and resolve within 24-48 hours. NAD+ infusions have a higher side effect rate, with 20-30% of patients reporting nausea or discomfort. Most minor side effects can be managed by adjusting the drip rate or using fluid warmers.

How can I tell if an IV therapy clinic is safe?

Look for five things: a named, actively licensed medical director; a thorough pre-treatment screening process (medical history, medications, allergies); ingredients sourced from FDA-registered 503B compounding facilities; licensed healthcare professionals performing the infusion (RNs, paramedics, or physicians); and emergency medication on site (epinephrine, Benadryl, oxygen). If a clinic can't confirm all five, find a different provider. Our IV Therapy for Beginners guide has a detailed provider evaluation checklist.

Who should not get IV therapy?

People with congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease (CKD stage 3+), uncontrolled hypertension, or G6PD deficiency should avoid elective IV therapy or only receive it under direct physician supervision with monitoring. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should limit IV treatment to medically prescribed therapies. Anyone taking blood thinners, lithium, potassium-sparing diuretics, or chemotherapy drugs needs careful evaluation of potential interactions before receiving an IV infusion.

Can IV therapy cause kidney damage?

High-dose IV vitamin C is the primary kidney concern. At doses above 5,000-10,000mg, vitamin C increases urinary oxalate, which can crystallize in the kidneys and cause oxalate nephropathy — especially in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions or a history of kidney stones. Standard hydration drips and moderate-dose vitamin infusions do not pose significant kidney risks for people with normal renal function. If you have any kidney concerns, get baseline blood work (BUN, creatinine, GFR) before starting IV therapy.

What should I do if I have a bad reaction during or after IV therapy?

During infusion: tell your practitioner immediately if you experience difficulty breathing, chest tightness, severe dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or widespread itching or hives. They should stop the infusion and assess you. After infusion: monitor the injection site for 48-72 hours. Seek emergency medical care if you develop fever above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, spreading redness or red streaking from the site, difficulty breathing, or significant swelling. For mild symptoms like bruising, soreness, or slight nausea, apply ice to the site, stay hydrated, and contact your provider if symptoms persist beyond 48 hours.

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